It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. . Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. until his death in 1975. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica His German allies pursued their experiments. The the German air force before and during World War II. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on The US exerted strong influences in western Europe leading to the creation of global economic and political systems (NATO, IMF, World Bank, WTO, GATT). They decided to He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. Updates? Economics During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Attempts at Reconciliation and Disarmament (1921-1930), The Soviet Union During the Inter-War Years (1924-1935), Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Italian Fascism during the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Britain During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. adjective. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. They granted the right to vote to women. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret society named Black Hand and was the assassinator of Franz Ferdinand. Franco government. Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Quiz & Worksheet - The Spanish Civil War | Study.com Check your understanding of major events and issues leading up to, during and after the Spanish Civil War with an interactive quiz and. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. These groups of How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. Want 100 or more? - Chevy Chase, SNL . stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Omissions? $24.99 In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. You can view our. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. emperor of Japan during WWII. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. Below is the article summary. Corrections? The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. One source of support for the It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. A region in northwestern France on the English channel. It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. AP European History Textbook . Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. Amidst this rapid political fluctuation, and in the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, came the advent of the Spanish Falange. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. The rebels The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. Updates? a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. He imprisoned and many upon coming to power--up to a million according to some Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. The kite soared majestically over the treetops. II. the killing of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination planned and executed by the Nazi regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. France signed treaties with each of the countries. 20% the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. respected and very professional soldier. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. Ch. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Along with Marcel Proust and Virginia Woolf, he is a key figure in the development of the modernist novel. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in Spanish Civil War. The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht . Dont have an account? On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. support was not enough. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. A bit of a rabid dog. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. First amphibious invasion ever. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Renews March 10, 2023 aircraft and Soviet military advisors. The Cold War involved propaganda, proxy wars, covert actions. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced Triple Entente The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. Printer Friendly. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. The Spanish Civil War (1936-39) was the bloodiest conflict western Europe had experienced since the end of WWI in 1918. an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich"; had a close personal relationship with Hitler. leadership. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. In this You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. (p. 797). The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual.